This article explains terms used to describe the British Armed Forces' ordnance (i.e.: weapons) and also ammunition used in the late 19th century, World War I and World War II. Note that the terms may have slightly different meanings in the military of other countries.
Between Decks : applies to a naval gun mounting in which part of the rotating mass is below the deck, and part of it is above the deck. This allows for a lower profile of turret, meaning that turrets need not be superfiring (i.e. they can be mounted on the same deck and not obstruct each other at high angles of elevation.)
BL, in its general sense, stood for breech loading, and contrasted with Muzzle Loading. The shell was loaded via the breech (i.e. the opening at the gunner's end of the barrel) followed by the propellant charge.
BL in its formal British ordnance sense served to identify the gun as the type of rifled breechloading gun in which the powder charge was loaded in a silk or cloth bag and the breech mechanism was responsible for "obturation" i.e. sealing the chamber to prevent escape of the propellant gases.[1] The term BL was first used to describe the Armstrong breechloaders introduced in 1859. Following the demise of Armstrong breechloaders and the period of British rifled muzzle-loaders (RML), British breechloaders were re-introduced in 1880. At this point the term RBL was restrospectively introduced to describe the Armstrong breechloaders, which had a totally different breech mechanism, and since then the term BL has applied exclusively to the type of breechloader introduced from 1880 onwards using interrupted-screw breeches.
Early British Elswick breechloaders in the 1880s used a steel "cup" obturation method. This was quickly superseded in guns designed by the Royal Gun Factory by the French de Bange method, the basic principle of which is still in use today. In British service this became a Crossley pad with an interrupted thread screw block eg a Welin screw. The shell was loaded via the breech, followed by the propellant charge in a cloth bag. A single-use "Vent Sealing Tube", a type of primer not dissimilar in appearance to a blank rifle round, was inserted into the breech for firing the gun.
"BL" contrasts with QF guns, for which the propellant charge was loaded enclosed in a brass cartridge case which expanded on firing and sealed the breech. For instance, Britain before World War I had both QF and BL 6 inch guns. Both were "breech loading" in the general sense, but in the formal nomenclature it separated 6 inch guns with breeches designed for charges in brass cartridge cases (QF) from those designed for cloth bag charges (BL).
Shells designed for one type were not necessarily suitable for use in the other type : for instance, a BL shell relied upon the tight fit of its driving band in the gun bore to prevent it slipping back when the gun was elevated, but a QF shell could rely upon the cartridge case, either fixed or separate, to prevent it slipping back. This may present difficulties for BL guns at high angles. A special cartridge was developed for BL 9.2 inch guns on H.A. mountings, with provision for a wooden (beech) stick to be inserted through the centre to prevent the shell slipping back on elevation.[2]
BLC stood for "BL converted" and described a breech and breech mechanism modified from an early long-screw 3 or 4-motion to modern short-screw single-motion.[3] An example is the conversion of the BL 15 pounder to BLC 15 pounder.
Calibre Radius Head. Roughly, it describes the radius of a circle with the curve of the shell's nose on its circumference, expressed in terms of the shell's calibre. The longer and more pointed (and hence streamlined) the shell's nose, the higher the C.R.H. Typical c.r.h. for British shells leading up to World War I was 2: e.g. the curve of the nose of a 2 c.r.h. 6-inch shell was equivalent to the curve of a circle with a radius of 12 inches. Shells of 4 c.r.h. were soon developed in World War I, identified by A following the shell mark number, B for 6 c.r.h. and so on. For modern streamlined shells post-World War I, 2 numbers were necessary to more correctly describe a shell's c.r.h. characteristics. For instance, the World War I 6 inch 26 cwt howitzer shell was 2 c.r.h., the World War II Mk 2D shell was correctly described as "5/10 c.r.h.".[4]
"Cartridge" in British ammunition terminology typically describes the physical object containing the propellant that a gunner loads :
Heavy naval guns may require up to (e.g.) four separate cartridges to be loaded, each consisting of a ¼ charge to make up the full service charge.
Howitzer cartridges, both BL and separate QF, contained a central core of cordite surrounded by several stacked bags in the shape of rings, containing cordite. To obtain the appropriate "Charge" for the required range and angle of elevation, the gunner removed and discarded 1 or more rings before loading.
See Charge for how QF 25 pounder charge was varied in World War II.
The case, usually brass, holding the propellant charge. Used with Small arms and QF artillery ammunition. QF cases in 1915 could be cleaned and then reloaded up to a maximum of 6 firings with Cordite charges, with the record detailing the "Life of the Case" marked on the base. The limit was imposed by the fact that the case expanded on firing and had to be "rectified" by turning metal off the lower part to regain the correct dimensions. This weakened the case.[8]
"Charge" was a concept or category label rather than a specific item. It can be described as "the standard amount of propellant specified to carry out a particular mission" :-
For practical purposes, specific Cartridges were specified for use to obtain the required Charge. A gunner dealt with cartridges and would know that he could load (e.g.) Cartridge X or Y for a full service charge for his gun, and Cartridge Z to fire a Star shell. Cartridges were sometimes made up of fractions of charges e.g. a 6 inch gun cartridge may be made up of 2 x 1/2 Charges or 1 x 2/5 and 1 x 3/5 Charge laced together. A gun normally fired all rounds using the full charge, and varied the range by elevating or depressing the barrel.
A howitzer gunner's job was more complicated because the range table would specify different "charges", or fractions of the full service charge, for different ranges and angles of shell descent. The standard cartridge for his gun which as a whole made up the full service charge, would consist of a central "mushroom" Cordite core and several smaller Cordite rings in bags stacked around the core like doughnuts, all tied together. It was designed so that 1 or more rings could be quickly removed and discarded before loading, hence providing progressively smaller charges.[10] E.g. if the gunner on a QF 4.5 inch Howitzer was ordered to load Charge 4 he would know he had to remove the top ring from the cartridge, leaving 4 rings; for Charge 3 he would remove 2 rings. Discarded rings were burned after the action. This was the standard procedure for howitzers up to and including World War II.
In World War II a different system was introduced for varying charges for the QF 25 pounder gun-howitzer, which used separate-loading QF ammunition. A separate 2.7 lb "super charge" cartridge was available for firing the 20-pound high-velocity anti-tank AP shot, and an additional 4.5oz "super charge increment" could be added to that for even higher velocity. The cartridge for firing the standard 25-pound shell came ready-loaded with a red bag at the bottom containing the basic charge (Charge 1), together with white and blue bags laid lengthwise, as in a conventional gun charge, to make up the full service charge (Charge 3). The blue and white bags could be removed to provide progressively reduced charges (Charge 2 and Charge 1). From 1944 1 or 2 4oz "intermediate charge increments" could be added to the standard charge (replacing the blue bag) for high-angle fire and to provide greater control over angle of shell descent.[11]
For small arms or fixed QF ammunition, where the charge could not be varied by the gunner, the term Charge was used to identify the Cordite propellant within the cartridge case, and the round as a whole was referred to as Full or Reduced charge. E.g. an 18 pounder Star round consisted of a cartridge case containing a Reduced charge, and an attached Star shell.
British explosive shells filled with Lyddite were initially designated "Common Lyddite" and beginning in 1896 were the first British generation of modern "high explosive" shells. Lyddite is Picric Acid fused at 280°F and allowed to solidify, producing a much denser dark yellow form which is not affected by moisture and is easier to detonate than the liquid form. Its French equivalent was "Melinite", Japanese equivalent was "Shimose". Common Lyddite shells "detonated" and fragmented into small pieces in all directions, with no incendiary effect. For maximum destructive effect the explosion needed to be delayed until the shell had penetrated its target.
Early shells had walls of the same thickness for the whole length, later shells had walls thicker at the base and thinning towards the nose. This was found to give greater strength and provide more space for explosive.[12] Later shells had 4 c.r. heads, more pointed and hence streamlined than earlier 2 c.r.h. designs.
Proper detonation of a Lyddite shell would show black to grey smoke, or white from the steam of a water detonation. Yellow smoke indicated simple explosion rather than detonation, and failure to reliably detonate was a problem with Lyddite, especially in its earlier usage. To improve the detonation "exploders" with a small quantity of Picric powder or even of TNT (in smaller shells, 3 pdr, 12 pdr - 4.7 inch) was loaded between the fuze and the main Lyddite filling or in a thin tube running through most of the shell's length.
Lyddite presented a major safety problem because it reacted dangerously with metal bases. This required that the interior of shells had to be varnished, the exterior had to be painted with leadless paint and the fuze-hole had to be made of a leadless alloy. Fuzes containing any lead could not be used with it.
When World War I began Britain was replacing Lyddite with modern "high explosive" (HE) such as TNT. After World War I the term "Common Lyddite" was dropped, and remaining stocks of Lyddite-filled shells were referred to as H.E. (or High Explosive) Shell Filled Lyddite. Hence "Common" faded from use, replaced by "HE" as the explosive shell designation.
Common Lyddite shells in British service were painted yellow, with a red ring behind the nose to indicate the shell had been filled.
For Shellite, a successor of Lyddite, see HE below.
Common Pointed shell, or C.P. were a type of Common Shell used in naval service from the 1890s - 1910s which had a solid nose and a percussion fuze in the base rather than the Common shell's nose fuze. The ogival 2 c.r.h. solid pointed nose was considered suitable for attacking shipping but was not armour-piercing - the main function was still explosive. They were of cast or forged (3 and 6 pounder) steel and contained a gunpowder bursting charge slightly smaller than that of a Common Shell, a tradeoff for the longer heavier nose.[13]
In British service Common Pointed shells were typically painted black, except 12-pounder shells specific for QF guns which were painted lead colour to distinguish them from 12-pounder shells usable with both BL and QF guns. A red ring behind the nose indicated the shell was filled.
By World War II they were superseded in Royal Navy service by Common Pointed Capped (CPC) and Semi-Armour Piercing (S.A.P.) , filled with TNT.
"Common shell" designated early British explosive shells filled with "low explosives" such as "P Mixture" (gunpowder) and usually with fuzes in the nose. Common shells on bursting (they did not "detonate") tended to break into relatively large fragments which continued along the shell's trajectory rather than laterally. They had some incendiary effect.
In the late 19th century "Double common shells" were developed, lengthened so as to approach twice the standard shell weight, to carry more powder and hence increase explosive effect. They suffered from instability in flight and low velocity and were not widely used.
As at 1914, Common shells 6 inch and up were of cast steel, smaller shells were of forged steel for service and cast iron for practice.[14] They were replaced by "Common Lyddite" shells in the late 1890s but some stocks remained as late as 1914.
In British service Common shells were typically painted black with a red band behind the nose to indicate the shell is filled.
Central Pivot : was applied to a naval gun mounting that rotates around a central pivot that could be bolted to the deck without any structural alterations being required.
The Director Control Tower was a feature of naval ships. It was a trainable turret incorporating the gunnery officers, gun laying sights and a rangefinder. From here the gunnery officer could select targets and take the range, bearing and rates of change. This data would be provided to the Transmitting Station (TS), where a firing solution would be calculated and passed on to the gun turrets as the correct degree of training and elevation.
Britain employed gunpowder as a propellant until superseded by Cordite Mk I from 1892, and as an explosive filling in common shells until slowly superseded by Lyddite from the late 1890s.
In World War I gunpowder was still in wide British use :
British gunpowder designations were :[15]
High Angle : a naval designation equivalent to AA (anti aircraft), for a gun mounting which was capable of an elevation exceeding 50° from the horizontal, therefore allowing the gun to be used against aircraft.
High Angle / Low Angle : a naval designation, equivalent to "dual purpose", for a weapon intended for engaging surface and airborne targets, and which therefore was on a mounting capable of elevating above 50 degrees but also effective at low elevations. Typical examples were the QF 4 inch Mk XVI, QF 5.25 inch gun and QF 4.5 inch gun used in World War II and later.
"HE" in British terminology initially designated only shells filled with modern "high explosive" such as Trotyl (the British term for TNT), which was being introduced when World War I began, and Amatol from 1915. It contrasted with Common Shell, which were filled with older explosives such as gunpowder, and Common Lyddite, the earlier British high explosive shell. Britain also used Tetryl before World War I under the designation "Composition Exploding" (C.E.).
The HE shell filling was detonated by a fuze, usually augmented by a "gaine" to ensure complete ignition, causing the thick steel shell case to shatter into large and small fragments at great velocity in all directions.
Britain first used pure TNT for land warfare shells from late 1914, but this proved expensive and difficult to manufacture in the necessary large quantities, and was also inefficient as much energy was output as heavy black smoke. Amatol, a mixture of cheap Ammonium Nitrate and TNT (initially "40/60" : 40% ammonium nitrate and 60% TNT for land shells and 80/20 from 1917) proved 27% more powerful than pure TNT and was soon adopted as the preferred HE filling in World War I. TNT and Amatol were approximately 20% less sensitive to shock and hence safer than Lyddite, and Amatol 80/20 cost only 7d per pound to produce in 1917 compared to 1s 11d for lyddite and 1s 3d for TNT.[17]
Britain was slow to move from 40/60 Amatol to the preferred 80/20 mixture during World War I, due to manufacturing difficulties. The preferred method for filling explosive shells was by pouring the molten mixture through the fuze hole in the shell nose or base. This was well suited to Lyddite filling, but it was found that Amatol with more than 40% Ammonium Nitrate did not pour well. Hence it was not simply a case of switching existing filling machinery from Lyddite to Amatol. Dry filling with Amatol 80/20 in block form and by pressing was used but was not considered to be a success. By the end of World War I the process for pouring 80/20 Amatol as a shell filling for land warfare shells had finally been perfected and was in large–scale production.
The Royal Navy resisted switching from Lyddite to Amatol for its shells because it considered Amatol was too hygroscopic (water-absorbing) to be suitable for use at sea, and instead used pure TNT as its high-explosive replacement for Lyddite. After World War I, remaining stocks of Lyddite-filled naval shells were redesignated "H.E. Shell Filled Lyddite", and henceforth the term H.E. encompassed all Lyddite, TNT and subsequent high-explosive shell types. From 1919 into the 1930s a less sensitive and safer version of Lyddite named Shellite, consisting of 70% Lyddite and 30% dinitrophenol was used in naval AP shells.[18]
Amatol continued in field use to 1945 [19] when it began to be replaced by a 60/40 mixture of RDX and TNT.
HE shells were typically painted yellow in British service in World War I, with a red ring below the nose to indicate the shell was filled and a green ring round the body to indicate filling with TNT or Amatol. In World War II they were typically painted olive green.
Low Angle : a naval designation for a gun mounting not capable of high angles of elevation, and intended solely for firing at surface targets. In theory any CP mounting was an LA mounting by default.
Muzzle-loading. By World War II, there were no more muzzle-loaded guns in British use, so ML meant mortars, as the 'bomb' was dropped tail-first down the barrel from the muzzle. See mortar for more information.
In British use, Ordnance meant a specific barrel and breech e.g. "Ordnance QF 18 pdr gun Mk II" referred to the Mk II barrel and breech of the QF 18 pounder gun. The ordnance by itself, i.e. without a carriage, was useless, and hence the full designation of a deployable gun, known as an Equipment, might be Ordnance QF 18 pdr gun Mk II on carriage, field, QF 18 pdr gun Mk I.
P refers to a "pedestal" mounting for a gun, and was used by the Royal Navy. It differed from a Central Pivot mounting in that the mounting rotated around a fixed pedestal, rather than being bolted directly to the deck.
Many British naval and army artillery pieces of this period continued to be categorised by their pound rating, the weight of the shell in pounds that they fired, rather than by their bore. Encountered as the abbreviation pdr the British persisted with this system until after WWII, a rough pound rating to bore measurement of that time is 1 pounder-37mm, 2 pounder-40mm, 3 pounder-47mm, 6 pounder-57mm, 17 pounder-76.2mm, 25 pounder-87.6mm, 60 pounder-127mm.
This specified the amount by which the breech end of a gun mounted on trunnions was heavier than the muzzle end. This was determined by the location of the trunnions - the lugs on the barrel by which it rotated in its mounting, which were usually located slightly forward of the gun's centre of gravity. E.g. if the Preponderance was quoted as 4 tons 2½ cwt as for the RML 17.72 inch "100-ton" gun, the breech end sat with a weight of 4 tons on its mounting, enough to ensure stability but not enough to hinder changes in elevation. The preponderance of British muzzle-loading guns was typically stamped on the end of one of the trunnions. The term fell into disuse with the replacement of trunnions by more modern methods of mounting guns on recoil slides in the 20th century.
QF came from "Quick-firing". The designation was put into use in late 19th century in two different meanings. In naval terms it was first used to describe small guns firing fixed ammunition i.e. a complete round formed from a metal (brass) cartridge case containing the propellant and projectile in one unit thus enabling higher firing rates. An early example was the QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss. In later pieces, the charge was sometimes separated from the shell to reduce the individual weight of loading, but the charge was still loaded in a brass case, rather than a cloth or silk bag typical of "BL" guns.
In formal British ordnance terminology the term QF came to mean that the propellant charge is loaded in a metal, usually brass, case which provides obturation i.e. seals the breech to prevent escape of the expanding propellant gas.[1] The term QF hence described both the breech-sealing mechanism and method of loading propellant charges. Ordnance of other countries employed other techniques, and hence this description and distinction is limited to British ordnance.
Following the early success of the light QF Hotchkiss and Nordenfelt guns in the 1880s, the Royal Navy implemented QF guns in all calibres up to 6 inch in the 1890s, and also converted various 4 inch and 6 inch BL guns to QF under the designation QFC. This all-QF era ended in 1901 with the BL 6 inch Mk VII gun and a swing back to BL guns. Since 1914 the trend has been to use QF for naval guns below 6 inch and BL for guns 6 inch and over.
In lighter QF guns, including field guns and anti-aircraft guns, the round was complete : "Fixed Ammunition", where the shell was attached to the cartridge case like a large rifle round. Examples are QF 3 pounder Vickers, QF 18 pounder field gun, QF 4 inch Mk V anti-aircraft gun and the current 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun. Fixed QF was suited for rapid loading, especially at high angles, and was limited by the total weight of cartridge and projectile, which had to be easily handled by one man. A maximum total weight of approximately 80 lb was generally considered suitable for sustained manual loading of fixed ammunition rounds; for modern automatic loading guns since World War II the maximum weight is no longer the limiting factor but the current standard Royal Navy gun, the 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun, still uses a fixed round weighing 81 lb.
In other guns, typically naval guns 3 inches or above such as the QF 12 pounder 12 cwt and QF 6 inch naval gun and howitzers such as the QF 4.5 inch Howitzer and Ordnance QF 25 pounder gun-howitzer, the projectile was loaded separately to the cartridge case containing the propellant : "Separate Ammunition". This system was suitable for howitzers as it allowed the gunner to remove part of the cordite charge before loading if required for shorter ranges. Separating the cartridge and projectile also allowed the weight of loading to be shared by two men.
In all types, the primer for the round was in the cartridge case base. The term QF in British use described the breech sealing mechanism, in which the brass cartridge case provided the gas seal. This allowed a sliding block, which can generally be operated faster than a BL screw mechanism, and is characteristic of small to medium artillery. Early QF guns offered the advantage over BL guns that no time was wasted in inserting vent tubes after loading, as the primer was built into the case, and sponging out of the chamber was not necessary between rounds. QF also removed the risk of back-flash.[20] QF also, by rigidly fixing the position of the primer, igniter and cordite charge in the case relative to each other, improved the chances of successful firing compared to BL with its flexible bags.
By the early 20th century British doctrine held that QF ammunition, while allowing faster-operating breeches, had the disadvantage that ammunition is heavier and takes up more space, which was limited on warships. For guns larger than 6 inches it becomes impractical as the cartridge case becomes unwieldy for manual operation, and it does not allow charges to be loaded via multiple bags as BL does. Also, dealing with misfires was simpler with BL, as another tube could simply be tried. With QF the gunner had to wait a time and then open the breech, remove the faulty cartridge and reload. Already by 1900, modern BL breeches allowed the gunners to insert vent tubes while the gun was being loaded, obviating one of the previous QF advantages, and hence the Royal Navy abandoned the QF 6 inch gun and returned to BL 6 inch guns with the Mk VII.[20]
Another potential disadvantage associated with QF came with the horizontal sliding block breech, as used with the QF 4.5 inch Howitzer. With the gun traversed at high elevation, the block could not be operated as it came into contact with the inside of the box carriage. Not all British QF guns in fact used sliding blocks - the QF 2.95 inch and QF 3.7 inch mountain guns and the QF 18 pounder used screw breeches. The thing to note is that their screw mechanism were much lighter and simpler than BL screw mechanisms and served merely to lock the cartridge in place.
It is worth noting that British artillery doctrine considered QF, even separate-loading, as unsuited for guns over 5 inches following its experience with the QF 6 inch in the 1890s, while European militaries such as Germany continued to use separate QF with sliding-block breeches for large guns up to 15 inches, with larger German guns loading part of the propellant charge in cloth bags followed by the main charge in the metal cartridge case.
In loose colloquial use the term Quick Firing has been used to describe modern artillery having attributes such as recoil buffers and quick shell loading characteristics, dating from the late 19th century.
QF Converted. In the 1890s there was much enthusiasm for QF technology, and many older BL guns had their breeches modified to use the same QF cartridges as the new QF guns of the same calibre. Examples were conversion of BL 6-inch Mk IV and VI guns which became e.g. QFC I/IV, and some BL 4-inch guns.
Quick Firing, Semi Automatic : applied to naval QF guns where there was a mechanism to automatically open the breech and eject the case after firing. This was useful to enable a high rate of fire. An example was the QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun.
"Rifled Breech Loading". Refers to the first generation of British rifled breech loading guns introduced in 1859 which used the unique Armstrong "screw breech" and included the RBL 12 pounder field gun and RBL 7 inch naval gun. These guns were originally known simply as "BL" (breech loading). The term "RBL" was introduced retrospectively in the 1880s to differentiate these Armstrong designs from the second unrelated generation of rifled breech loaders beginning in 1880 which are referred to simply as BL. The "RBL" guns were considered to be failures and Britain reverted to RML (rifled muzzle-loading) guns from the mid-1860s to 1880.
"Recuperator" was the British name for the mechanism which returned the gun barrel to its firing position after recoil. US ordnance uses the term "run-out cylinder".
At the beginning of World War I runout after recoil was most commonly achieved in British 1904-vintage field guns and pre-1914 naval guns by a set of springs which were compressed when the barrel recoiled and then expanded again. This configuration was referred to as "hydro-spring" in which piston(s) moving through an oil reservoir dampened the recoil and springs collected the recoil energy and then used it to "run out" the barrel to firing position. Typical examples were in the QF 13 pounder, 18 pounder and BL 60 pounder Mk I guns, all dating from 1904–05, where the oil, pistons and springs were integrated in a tubular housing above the barrel. This configuration made the entire recoil system vulnerable to enemy gunfire, and it was protected to some extent in the field by being wound with thick rope. Other guns had the pistons and springs in separate housings. Note that "hydro-" here is a misnomer: oil was the liquid used, not water.
Both the Army and Navy were in the process of introducing a "hydro-pneumatic" recoil system when World War I began, in which the recuperators were driven by air compression rather than springs. Examples were the navy's new QF 4 inch Mk V gun and the army's new BL 9.2 inch howitzer.
The unanticipatedly heavy rates of fire experienced (mainly on the Western front) early in World War I caused many spring breakages in the 1904 generation field artillery (including in the Mk I 60 pounders at Gallipoli) and led to field modification of the 18 pounder which replaced the springs in the housing above the barrel with a pneumatic unit. By the end of the war the hydro-pneumatic system had become standard for a new generation of field artillery, typically seen in a box-shaped unit below the barrel in the 18 pounder Mk IV, 60 pounder Mk II, 6-inch and 8-inch howitzers and 6 inch Mk 19 gun.
See Segment shell
Rifled Muzzle Loading : introduced in British service in the mid-1860s following the unsatisfactory service performance of the Armstrong RBL (rifled breech loading) guns. The inside of the barrel had spiral grooves into which "studs" on the shell fitted, to spin the shell and hence improve accuracy and range. The propellant charge, followed by the projectile, are loaded through the muzzle. "RML" became necessary to distinguish between the new rifled and old smoothbore (i.e. un-rifled) muzzle loaders (ML).
The first generation of British RML guns in the mid-1860s typically used William Armstrong's design of a wrought-iron "A" tube surrounded by multiple wrought-iron coils. Later Marks of guns built by the Royal Gun Factory from the late 1860s onward introduced a toughened mild steel "A" tube to increase the gun's strength, and also used fewer but heavier coils to reduce the cost of manufacture. RML guns in British government service were designed by the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich, and typically had only a few (3 - 9) broad shallow rifling grooves, compared to the many sharp-edged grooves ("polygroove") of the Armstrong system. They were hence referred to as "Woolwich" guns.
In the 1870s "gas checks" were attached to the base of RML shells to seal the bore and reduce windage; it was soon found that these gas checks could also be used to rotate the shell, allowing studs to be dispensed with, which was an improvement as the slots in the shell for studs were found to be weak points leading to shells fracturing. The gas checks hence evolved into the driving bands still in use today. Modern RML examples are rifled field mortars.
The last recorded active deployment of British RML guns was some RML 2.5 inch Mountain Guns in German East Africa in 1916, although several batteries of RML 9 inch Mk VI high-angle coast defence guns were in service in England throughout World War I.
The complete set of components needed to fire the gun once. Consists of a Projectile, a propellant Cartridge and Primer or Igniter Tube. A Fixed Round had all the components integrated into a brass cartridge case with the projectile attached, e.g. a rifle cartridge or QF 18-pounder round, in which case Round is synonymous with Cartridge. A Separate round required the projectile and propellant Cartridge (either in bags or brass Case) to be loaded separately.
Remote Power Control. This is where a gun turret and/or a gun director automatically trains and elevates to follow the target being tracked by the DCT and the Table (computer) in the Transmitting Station.(see above). Mountings would also have local control in the event of the RPC or director tower being disabled.
Semi Armour-Piercing. Introduced after World War I as the successor to Common pointed shells for naval use. They had a heavy solid nose and a medium amount of TNT explosive, giving them the capability to penetrate steel superstructures and small thickness of armour. They were employed as the main shell for naval and coastal guns 8 inches and below in action against warships. Later shells were streamlined with the addition of a pointed ballistic cap, and were designated SAP/BC. In World War II they were typically painted olive green, with a red nose.
Slow Burning Cocoa Powder. A form of Brown Prismatic Powder, i.e. gunpowder, with more charcoal, saltpetre and moisture but less sulphur than black powder. Cocoa referred to the appearance rather than composition. Used in the late 19th century for early large long-barreled guns, where its slow-burning properties gave the projectile a prolonged smooth acceleration instead of the short violent accereration typical of black powder. Was inefficient as most energy was expended as smoke, and enormous quantities were required, such as 960 lb for the BL 16.25 inch gun of 1888. Required a primer of black powder to ignite.
Smooth Bore Muzzle Loading. The barrel is not rifled and the projectile is loaded via the muzzle of the barrel. All early cannons were of this type. British SBML guns of the mid-19th century were typically made of cast iron. The ultimate gun of this type in British service was the 68 pounder 95 cwt introduced in the 1840s. Modern examples of this type of weapon are fin-stabilised light field mortars, in which the mortar bomb is dropped into the mortar barrel for firing and stability is imparted via fins.
Segment Shell, also known as Ring Shell : This anti-personnel explosive shell originated in British service in 1859 as design by William Armstrong for use with his new breechloading field guns. The projectile was made up of layers of iron rings within a thin cast-iron shell wall, held together with lead between them, with a hollow space in the centre for the bursting charge of gunpowder. The rings broke up into segments on explosion. The explosive charge was typically about half that employed in an equivalent calibre common shell as less explosive was needed to separate and break up the rings than to burst the shell wall of a common shell, hence allowing more iron to be employed for the same weight of shell. It could be employed as shrapnel, case or common shell. It was generally phased out in favour of separate common and shrapnel shells.
"Steel Shell" (with capitals) was the British term used to describe the Hotchkiss 3 and 6 pounder Common pointed shells. They had attributes of British "Common Pointed" shells as they were filled with gunpowder, had base percussion fuzes and a heavy pointed nose (almost 3 c.r.h.). But the nose was closer in design to British A.P. shells - the solid section was longer than Common Pointed, and the body held proportionately less powder than Common Pointed. It was intended for Naval use.
In common usage, "steel shell" (without capitals) served to differentiate a shell constructed of steel from one constructed of cast iron (C.I.).
In the Royal Navy a Table refers to a gunnery computer, such as the Dreyer Table, High Angle Control System Table, or Admiralty Fire Control Table. The name probably originated with the Dreyer Table.
Upper Deck : describes a naval gun mounting in which the rotating mass of the turret is mounted above the deck, with usually only the ammunition feed trunking piercing the deck.
"Velvril paint" was used to line larger common shells in the early 20th century to prevent the gunpowder filling from coming into contact with the iron or steel shell wall. This was both to avoid the saltpetre from causing corrosion in the presence of any moisture, and also provided a smooth surface that prevented friction between the gunpowder and shell wall, hence reducing the risk of spontaneous ignition when the shell was fired. It was made up of 24 parts zinc oxide, 3.5 yellow ochre, 0.5 red iron oxide, 15 nitrated castor oil, 7.5 nitro-cellulose of very low nitration, 60 acetone oil.
Usually abbreviated to "V.S. tube" or just Tube. This was the traditional, reliable British method of fully igniting powder charges in BL guns to fire projectiles, especially large shells. Briefly, after the powder cartridge was loaded (or even during the loading process), the tube was inserted through a vent in the breech. Early vents were "radial" i.e. at right-angles to the barrel length, bored through the top of the barrel into the chamber; later vents were "axial" through the centre of the breech mechanism and "mushroom" into the chamber. When the breech was closed, one of several methods was then used to trigger the tube, which then sent a powerful flash into the breech. The flash ignited a special "igniter" material in the end of the cartridge, and the igniter in turn ignited the main propellant charge (some form of gunpowder or Cordite). A powerful reliable flash from the tube was required because with bag charges, especially in the stress of combat and/or with variable howitzer charges, it could not be guaranteed that the igniter in the cartridge would be up close to the vent - it may have been pushed in too far, leaving a gap. The Tube was designed to expand on ignition and seal the vent, preventing escape of gas. Tube types :-
From 1904, the new generation of field artillery was QF with propellant in brass cases with self-contained percussion primers, while small naval QF cases had self-contained electric primers. From then on, tubes were used only for guns of 60 pounder (5 inch) and upwards, usually Percussion tubes; and for a few small BL guns such as the 2.75 inch mountain gun, usually Friction tubes. However, Britain entered World War I with many old BLC 15 pounders which continued to require T Tubes until phased out by 1916. To approach a QF rate of fire they used a special "push" version of the T friction tube which was inserted into an axial vent in the breech like a BL percussion tube and fired by a similar mechanism to a firing pin activated by a lever rather than being pulled by a lanyard.
Tubes could also be used with QF cartridges fitted with tube adaptors in place of primers, as with the QF 12 pounder.[21]
"Windage" as applied to British muzzle-loading ordnance referred to the difference between a gun's bore and the projectile's diameter, typically 0.1 - 0.2 inch. This gap was necessary to allow the projectile to be rammed down the length of the barrel on loading. By definition, windage also referred to the amount of propellant gas that escaped between the projectile's side and gun barrel on firing, and hence failed to contribute to accelerating the projectile. Up to half of the gas was lost in this way in old smoothbore artillery. From 1859, Armstrong rifled guns used a lead coating on the projectile to minimise windage and simultaneously to engage the rifling. The elimination of windage necessitated a new design of timed fuze, because the burning propellant gas escaping past the head of the shell had been used to ignite the gunpowder timer train in the fuze in the shell nose. The new fuses used the shock of firing to ignite the timer. When Britain reverted to muzzle-loaders in the late 1860s, projectiles were rotated by studs protruding from the shell body engaging in deep rifling grooves in the barrel, but the windage caused excessive barrel wear. From 1878, after several years of unsuccessful trials, a fairly effective system of concave copper discs called gas checks were introduced between the charge and projectile which expanded on firing and sealed the bore. The gas checks were soon incorporated into the projectile itself and became the driving bands still in use today.
"Wire-wound" or simply "Wire" guns were a gun construction method introduced for British naval guns in the 1890s in which one or more central "A" tubes were tightly wound for part or the full length with layers of steel wire, and the wire was covered by a jacket. It was first used on the QF 6 inch Mk II (40 calibre) of 1892, and the first large calibre gun was the BL 12 inch Mk VIII (35 calibre) of 1895. It provided greater radial strength, i.e., it better withstood the gas pressure attempting to expand the gun's diameter, than previous "hoop" construction methods of similar weight. This was necessitated by the introduction of cordite as a propellant in 1892, which generated higher pressures along the length of the barrel than the old gunpowder. Unfortunately, it provided less axial strength, i.e. lengthwise rigidity, and early longer wire-wound guns suffered from droop and inaccuracy. A combination of wire and traditional methods was eventually adopted to solve this problem, but the successful British wire naval guns of World War I were typically shorter than equivalent calibre German and US guns, which did not use wire-wound construction, e.g. 45 calibres, or only 42 calibres in the 15-inch gun, vs 50 calibres in length. The method was found satisfactory for use with field guns and howitzers which had much shorter barrels than naval guns. Britain abandoned wire-wound construction for naval guns after the 16 inch Mk I of the 1920s, and later 1930s - 1940s designs were typified by modern monobloc (single piece) (e.g. 12-pdr 12 cwt Mk V) or built-up all-steel construction (e.g. 6 inch Mk XXIII and 14 inch Mk VII).